Functional-group tests template

Tests for unsaturation (bromine water, Baeyer), alcohols (Lucas, ceric ammonium nitrate), phenols (FeCl₃), aldehydes and ketones (2,4-DNP, Tollens, Fehling), carboxylic acids (NaHCO₃) and amines (carbylamine, Hinsberg): test, observation and inference, each with an example structure.

What the template shows

• Organic functional-group tests
• Test · observation · inference, with an example compound that gives the positive result
• Group / example
• Test and reagent
• Observation (positive)
• Your result
• C=C unsaturation: cyclohexene
• Bromine water (or Br₂ in CH₂Cl₂), shake
• red-brown colour discharged at once
• C=C or C≡C present (addition of Br₂)
• Baeyer’s test: cold, dilute alkaline KMnO₄
• pink-purple colour discharged; brown ppt of MnO₂
• C=C present (oxidised to a diol)
• Alcohol: ethanol
• Ceric ammonium nitrate reagent
• yellow solution turns pink-red
• alcoholic –OH present
• Alcohol (1°/2°/3°): tert-butanol
• Lucas test: anhydrous ZnCl₂ in conc. HCl, room temp.
• cloudiness at once: 3°; in about 5 min: 2°; none at room temp.: 1°
• class of alcohol (rate of R–Cl formation)
• Phenol: phenol
• Neutral FeCl₃ solution
• violet colour

Drawn with 53 atoms, 22 shapes – every one editable in MolDraw.

Sources

• NCERT, Laboratory Manual Chemistry, Class XII Textbook
• Vogel's Textbook of Practical Organic Chemistry, 5th ed., Longman 1989 Textbook