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Gluconeogenesis template
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Pyruvate → oxaloacetate (pyruvate carboxylase, biotin) → phosphoenolpyruvate (PEPCK, GTP) → … → fructose 1,6-bisphosphate → fructose 6-phosphate (FBPase-1) → glucose 6-phosphate → glucose (glucose-6-phosphatase), with the bypass table and the cost of 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2 NADH per glucose.
What the template shows
- Liver and kidney make glucose from pyruvate: seven glycolytic steps run backwards and four enzymes bypass the three irreversible ones
- From pyruvate to glucose
- Two pyruvate per glucose: every C₃ step runs twice. The bypass enzymes are named under the arrows
- fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
- fructose 6-phosphate
- glucose 6-phosphate
- The bypasses
- Glycolysis step (irreversible) Gluconeogenic bypass Where Cost per glucose pyruvate kinase pyruvate carboxylase (biotin) + PEP carboxykinase (PEPCK) mitochondria; PEPCK cytosol or mitochondria 2 ATP + 2 GTP phosphofructokinase-1 fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase-1) cytosol none (hydrolysis) hexokinase / glucokinase glucose-6-phosphatase ER lumen (liver, kidney) none (hydrolysis)
- Cost: 2 pyruvate + 4 ATP + 2 GTP + 2 NADH + 2 H⁺ + 4 H₂O → glucose + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 Pᵢ + 2 NAD⁺: six phosphoanhydride bonds, against 2 ATP gained in glycolysis.
- Pyruvate carboxylase is mitochondrial and needs acetyl-CoA as an activator; oxaloacetate leaves the matrix as malate (which also exports NADH) or as PEP.
- Reciprocal control: fructose 2,6-bisphosphate activates PFK-1 and inhibits FBPase-1; glucagon lowers it, so the fasting liver makes glucose.
- Muscle lacks glucose-6-phosphatase; its deficiency in liver is von Gierke disease (glycogen storage disease type I). Lactate (Cori cycle), alanine and glycerol are the main carbon sources.
Drawn with 89 atoms, 6 arrows, 2 shapes – every one editable in MolDraw.
Sources
How to use this template
- Press Edit in MolDraw. The template opens on the canvas of the free MolDraw editor.
- Change anything: move structures, edit atoms and labels, recolour highlights or delete what you do not need.
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Frequently asked questions
Is the Gluconeogenesis template free?
You can preview the Gluconeogenesis template here and open and edit it in MolDraw for free. Downloading or exporting it is part of MolDraw Pro, together with the other premium templates.
Can I edit the Gluconeogenesis template?
Yes. It opens as an ordinary MolDraw drawing, so every structure, arrow, label and colour can be changed, and you can add your own content around it.
Is the chemistry checked?
Every structure is checked with RDKit and every curly arrow passes MolDraw’s electron-flow audit. The sources used are listed on this page.
Are the biochemical pathways drawn with structures?
Yes. Pathway templates show the intermediates as structures, with enzymes and cofactors (NAD⁺, FAD, ATP) on the arrows.